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LIBRARY 


OF  THE 


MASSACHUSETTS 

AGRICULTURAL 

COLLEGE 

No._4_b_5:c  Z  TJ_S_si__ 

'    *  '    SF.  Q§ 


SOURCE. 


747 
1-3 


This  book  may  be  kept  out 

TWO   WEEKS 

only,  and  is  subject  to  a  fine  of  TWO 
CENTS  a  day  thereafter.  It  will  be  due  on 
the  day  indicated  below. 


Y0V1  2  130F 


\ 

/ 

ADDKESS 


DELIVERED  BEFORE  THE 


Itw  ^\vx%  £UU  ^gvicuttuvnl  & Mfetg, 


AT   ALBANY, 


On  Wednesday  Evening-,  February  Oth,  1870, 


BY 

Professor  JAMES  LAW, 

OF  CORNELL  UNIVERSITY,  ITHACA,  N.  T. 


RATIONAL  AND  IRRATIONAL  TREATMENT  OF  ANIMALS. 


ALBANY : 

PRINTED  FOR  THE  SOCIETY  BY  CHARLES  VAN  BENTHUYSEN  &  SONS. 

1870. 


4  ;  f 
L4  /«- 


ADDEESS. 


Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen  : 

The  present  age  is  essentially  a  utilitarian  one.  It  discards 
many  barren  speculative  pursuits  of  former  times  for  those  which 
directly  contribute  to  the  triumphs  of  human  intellect  over  the 
forces  of  nature,  and  seeks  to  inaugurate  an  era  of  universal  civili- 
zation and  happiness.  We  have  not  yet,  however,  arrived  at  the 
goal  of  our  aspirations.  It  is  true  we  have  girdled  the  world  with 
railroads,  steamboats  and  telegraphs,  bringing  the  contributions 
of  all  nations  to  minister  to  our  physical  and  intellectual  wants; 
and  we  have  lessened  the  fatigue  of  toiling  millions  by  substituting 
for  worn  fingers  and  wearied  muscles  the  machine  of  admirable 
conception  and  design,  and  the  all  conquering  power  of  steam. 
But  as  yet  we  come  far  short  of  the  possible,  in  annihilating  the 
sad  list  of  human  ills.  Our  Union  Pacific  Eailroad,  that  greatest 
engineering  work  of  modern  times,  reached  not  its  completion 
without  the  immolation  of  its  martyrs  on  the  altar  of  human  pro- 
gress. No  railroad  track  of  any  moment  passes  a  year  without 
offering  up  its  human  sacrifices  as  the  price  of  the  immeasurable 
advantages  it  grants  to  the  traveling  public.  No  large  building, 
no  great  seat  of  learning  is  erected,  but  the  remorseless  demon  of 
destruction  exacts  from  his  sworn  enemies  his  human  victims  as 
the  purchase  of  material  and  intellectual  advancement.  But  if  we 
have  not  yet  acquired  the  power  to  avoid  the  lesser  evils  in  the 
attainment  of  the  greater  good,  we  have  at  least  reached  this  point 
of  advancement — that  we  no  longer  seek  to  attain  the  desired 
object  by  inadequate  and  irrational  means.  We  now  demand  of 
science  that,  while  inaugurating  great  reforms,  she  shall  also  devote 
her  best  energies  and  her  higher  powers  to  the  protection  of  the 
humble  toilers  in  her  grand  reformations. 

In  darker  ages  men  sought  for  personal  safety,  as  well  as  the 
protection  of  their  flocks  and  herds,  in  charms,  amulets  and  invo- 
cations, remnants  of  which  are  to  be  found,  even  in  civilized  com- 
munities, to  the  present  day.     But  the  reliance   on  the  charmed 


blade  has  given  place  to  the  perfect  finish  and  accurate  bore  of 
the  rifle ;  the  belief  in  the  efficacy  of  human  sacrifices  to  appease 
the  angry  gods  in  time  of  pestilence,  has  been  replaced  to  better 
purpose  by  a  confidence  in  the  draining  of  marshes,  the  better 
cleansing  of  towns  and  hamlets,  and  the  destruction,  by  disinfec- 
tants, of  morbid  contagia  ;  the  written  charm  or  sign,  and  the 
treasured  amulet,  have  resigned  their  sway  to  the  study  and  con- 
trol of  those  natural  laws  which  a  gracious  Providence  has  placed 
at  our  hands,  and  by  which  we  are  empowered  to  ward  ofi°  myriad 
ills  whose  causes  were  at  once  mysterious  and  terrible  to  our  fore- 
fathers. 

But  as  man  is  constituted  a  religious  animal,  so  with  imperfect 
knowledge  he  must  remain  more  or  less  a  superstitious  one.  And 
as  if  the  lower  animals  were  doomed  to  be  the  last  victims  of  such 
delusions,  we  see  them  still  cropping  up,  at  frequent  intervals,  in 
the  management  of  live  stock.  The  Irish  or  French  peasant  whose 
herd  has  been  attacked  by  an  epizootic,  threatening  their  destruc- 
tion, reverently  calls  in  the  parish  priest  and  has  him  say  mass 
over  the  victims.  And  while  he  may  seek  to  excuse  himself  on 
the  strength  of  his  religious  feelings,  we  cannot  but  pity  the  delu- 
sion which  appeals  to  the  Almighty  for  protection  while  neglecting 
those  certain  measures  of  prevention  which  God  has  placed  in  his 
own  power. 

On  many  stable  doors  in  Great  Britain  we  see  nailed  up  a  horse 
shoe,  and  though  in  many  cases  this  is  only  done  as  the  result  of 
habit,  and  with  no  conception  on  the  part  of  the  doer  of  its  pri- 
mary significance,  it  was  confidently  relied  on  in  former  times  to 
debar  evil  spirits  and  diseases  from  the  premises.  One  of  the 
most  extraordinary  superstitions  was  that  which  attached  to  the 
bezoar  or  egagropile.  Here  a  stone  or  calculus,  formed  by  deposit 
from  the  animal  fluids  in  some  internal  organ,  and  which  had  in 
many  cases  caused  the  death  of  its  host,  was  eagerly  sought  after 
and  purchased,  at  ten  times  its  weight  in  gold,  as  a  prophylactic 
against  contagion. 

Nor  is  this  highly  favored  country,  with  its  admirable  provi- 
sions for  securing  an  education  to  all  its  citizens — its  advanced 
Christianity,  and  its  ingeTiious  and  progressive  people — entirely 
free  from  such  delusions.  I  have  repeatedly  postponed  surgical 
operations  until  the  proprietor  of  the  animal  has  assured  himself 
that  the  astronomical  signs  were  favorable,  and  have  been  seriously 
consulted  about  the  propriety  of  putting  away  in  a  dry  place  the 


5 

object  removed  with  the  knife,  that  a  satisfactory  recovery  might 
be  ensured. 

In  themselves,  these  superstitions  and  delusions  are  harmless 
enough,  and  might  be  treasured  as  mementoes  of  a  credulous  and 
imaginative  past,  but  as  they  all  tend  to  distract  attention  from 
the  real  dangers  of  each  particular  case,  and  the  precautions  neces- 
sary, they  ought  to  be  forever  discarded.  It  is  not  among  the 
members  of  this  old  and  intelligent  Society  that  such  delusions 
can  find  a  resting  place,  yet  it  is  no  less  the  duty  of  every  member 
to  disabuse  the  mind  of  any  neighbor  less  favored  in  an  educa- 
tional point  of  view.  The  mass  or  bezoar  will  not  harm  the 
plague-stricken  animals,  but  they  divert  attention  from  the  all 
important  separation  of  healthy  and  diseased,  and  from  the  clean- 
sing and  disinfection  so  essential  to  the  checking  of  the  malady. 
The  waiting  for  a  favorable  influence  of  the  stars,  and  the  particu- 
lar disposal  of  the  excised  fleshy  mass,  may  be  a  matter  of  indif- 
ference as  regards  the  result,  but  the  postponement  of  a  surgical 
operation  from  favorable  weather  to  a  tempestuous  season,  and 
the  preservation  of  a  mass  of  putrifying  animal  matter  in  the  same 
stable  in  which  the  wounded  animal  stands,  are  among  the  best 
possible  means  to  secure  unhealthy  action,  or  even  gangrene,  in 
the  sore. 

There  are  certain  other  delusions,  entertained  by  many  stock 
owners,  which  cannot  claim  even  the  poor  excuse  of  superstition. 
These  refer  mainly  to  hollow-horn,  horn-ail,  tail-ail  and  black-tooth. 
I  would  not  venture  to  mention  these  redoubtable  ailments,  but 
for  the  unaccountable  prevalence  of  the  inhuman  practices  resorted 
to  for  their  cure,  and  while  I  indulge  the  hope  that  no  member  of 
the  New  York  State  Agricultural  Society  may  have  been  guilty 
of  the  barbarities  alluded  to,  I  trust  that  my  words  may  come 
under  the  notice  of  others  who  nave  unwittingly  and  against  their 
better  natures  been  led  astray  by  the  prevailing  errors. 

Some  one  has  said  that  horn-ail  is  a  truly  national  disorder,  and 
such  it  may  justly  be  held,  inasmuch  as  in  no  other  country  do 
cattle  require  to  have  their  horns  perforated  with  gimlet  holes, 
and  stuffed  and  rubbed  with  heating  agents,  to  restore  them  to 
soundness.  But  what  is  the  true  state  of  the  case?  In  all  coun- 
tries alike,  the  horn  is  hollow  in  the  healthy,  full-grown  animal. 
But  instead  of  this  hollow  condition  proving  a  source  of  trouble, 
it  adds  to  the  comfort  of  the  animal,  and,  indeed,  is  almost  essen 
tial  to  its  existence.     In  the  young  and  growing  calf,  the  frame- 


work  of  the  skull  is  to  a  large  extent  membranous,  and  hence 
lighter  than  a  bony  structure  of  the  same  size  would  be.     But  as 
earthy  salts  are  deposited  in  these  membranes,  and  as  they  are 
transformed  into  true  bone,  the  weight  of  the  head  is  correspond- 
ingly increased,   and  without  some   compensating   device   would 
become  an  unwieldy  burden.     To  obviate  this,  the  Divine  Archi- 
tect establishes  a  process  of  excavation  in  the  bony  mass,  which 
separates  the  inner  layer  from  the  outer,  and  leaves  between  a 
hollow  cavity  which  communicates  freely  with  the  nostrils.     As 
development  proceeds,  as  the  head  increases  in  bulk,  and  as  the 
framework  of  the  skull  becomes  more  exclusively  bony,  there 
advances  in  equal   ratio  the  process  of  excavation,  until  over  the 
entire  forehead  the  inner  and  outer  plates  of  bone  become  reduced 
to,  comparatively,  mere  shells,  with  a  wide  and  open  intervening 
cavity.     This  scooping-out  process  extends  for  some  distance  over 
the  ridge  forming  the  summit  of  the  head,  and  into  the  conical 
bony  supports  of  the  horns,  as  well  as  downward  in  front  of  each 
eye  and  deeply  into  the  center  of  the  skull  beneath  the  cranium, 
so  that  all  the  otherwise  heavy  parts  are  attenuated  and  lightened, 
and  while  the  head  maintains  its  massiveness  and  symmetry,  the 
animal  can  use  it  with  ease,  and  even  with  gracefulness.    Nor  is  it 
lightness  and  symmetry  alone  that  are   secured  by  this  arrange- 
ment.    As  the  outer  plate  is  connected  with  the  inner  by  delicate 
pillars  of  bone,  possessing,  as  all  bone  does,  a  certain  amount  of 
elasticity,  we  have  here  interposed,  between  this  outer  plate  of 
bone  and  the  brain,  a  most  admirable  means  of  warding  off  from 
this  vital  organ  those  concussions  to  which  the  forehead  and  horns 
are  of  necessity  subjected  when  used  as  weapons,  offensive  or  de- 
•  fensive.     The  forehead,  moreover,  by  this  peculiarity  in  structure, 
similar  in  some  respects  to  the  plates  of  iron  ships  bent  over  at 
rio-ht  ano-les  at  their  borders,  to  increase  their  power  of  resistance, 
acquires  a  strength  altogether  disproportionate  to  the  amount  ot 
bony  matter  employed  in  its  construction.     The  whole  condition, 
then,  of  hollow  face  and  hollow  horn,  in  place  of  demanding  to  be 
combated  by  cruel  surgical  operations,  presents  to  him  who  will 
view  it  aright  one  of  the  most  beautiful  examples  of  creative  wis- 
dom in  the  adaptation  of  means  to  ends,  at  once  so  varied  and  so 
vital. 

In  the  young  calf  and  growing  animal,  then,  a  hollow  horn  is 
not  a  natural  condition,  but  as  it  increases  in  size  its  bony  support 
becomes  scooped  out  internally,   and  the  older  the   animal  the 


larger  becomes  this  internal  cavity  and  the  thinner  the  investing 
plate  of  bone.  In  cases  of  inflammation  of  the  lining  membrane 
of  this  cavity,  from  severe  catarrh  or  from  direct  injury  when  the 
yoke  is  attached  to  the  horns,  the  cavity  alike  of  the  horn  and  the 
forehead  may  be  filled  up  with  matter,  which  finds  only  a  slow 
and  imperfect  exit  by  the  nose.  But  this  is  manifestly  a  condition 
diametrically  opposed  to  hollow-horn,  and  is  moreover  a  very  rare 
affection.  A  disease  of  this  kind  is  recognized  by  the  discharge 
from  the  nose  of  whitish  or  yellowish  matter,  and  sometimes  of 
pure  blood,  by  the  heat  and  tenderness  of  the  root  of  the  horns 
and  forehead,  by  the  hanging  head,  the  partially  closed  eyes,  the 
great  dullness  and  listlessness,  and  by  the  absence  of  a  hollow 
sound  when  the  forehead  is  gently  tapped  with  the  tip  of  the  mid- 
dle finger.  It  demands  as  treatment  absolute  rest,  a  dose  of  open- 
ing medicine,  a  semi-liquid,  non-stimulating  diet,  the  application 
of  cold  water,  or  even  hot  fomentations,  steadily  maintained,  to 
the  forehead,  steaming  of  the  nostrils  by  hot  water  vapor,  and  in 
obstinate  cases  the  opening  of  the  cavity  in  the  interval  between 
the  eyes,  and  the  syringing  of  it  out  daily  with  a  mild  astringent 
lotion  until  a  healthy  action  has  been  established.  But  this  disor- 
der will  never  warrant  the  boring  of  the  horns  with  a  gimlet.  If 
the  horn  were  cut  off  by  the  root,  as  is  done  by  a  certain  French 
author,  the  act  might  be  defended  on  the  ground  of  utility,  but 
the  boring  of  the  horns  entails  great  suffering  without  the  slightest 
advantage,  and  if  indefensibly  cruel  and  hurtful  in  the  diseased 
state  of  the  parts,  how  much  more  so  in  the  healthy? 

But  let  me  draw  attention  for  a  moment  to  the  utter  cruelty, 
uselessness  and  injury  of  this  practice.  First  note  the  structures 
involved  in  the  gimlet  wound.  Beneath  the  horn  which  is  insen- 
sible to  pain,  there  are  first  the  highly  sensitive  and  unyielding 
fibrous  layer  and  its  vascular  folds,  by  which  the  horn  is  so  firmly 
bound  to  the  supporting  bony  process.  Next  there  is  the  spongy, 
vascular  and  sensitive  bone,  with  its  outer  and  inner  nutrient, 
fibrous  membranes.  And  lastly,  the  delicately  sensitive  mucous 
membrane  which  lines  the  eavity  of  the  bony  process  and  the  fore- 
head. All  of  these  vascular  structures,  with  the  exception  of  the 
mucous  membrane,  have  a  very  close  and  resistant  texture,  and  do 
not  readily  yield  to  exudation  and  swelling,  so  that  inflammation 
seated  in  them  is  associated  with  exquisite  pain.  This  suffering  is 
increased  by  the  compression  of  the  inflamed  parts  by  the  invest- 
ing and  unyielding  horn.     The  rude  tearing  of  these  tender  and 


susceptible  structures  by  the  gimlet  can  scarcely  fail  to  set  up 
inflammation,  and  an  amount  of  attendant  pain  and  suffering  which 
may  be  partially  appreciated  by  those  who  have  had  a  whitlow 
under  the  finger  nail.  To  those  who  have  suffered  from  this,  I 
need  not  appeal  against  the  cruelties  practiced  for  the  imaginary 
horn-ail.  But  the  ox  suffers  more  than  the  human  being  because 
of  the  close  proximity  of  the  disease  to  more  vital  parts,  and 
because  the  structures  are  of  a  closer  texture  and  yield  less  readily 
to  exudation  than  in  the  case  of  the  human  finger.  The  exudations 
and  matter  pent  up  between  the  unyielding  bone  below,  the  resist- 
ant horn  above,  and  the  dense  fibrous  structures  around,  are  only 
too  well  calculated  to  produce  excruciating  agony.  The  tearing 
of  these  sensitive  structures,  and  the  rubbing  in  of  pepper  and 
other  irritants,  might  be  truthfully  branded  as  fiendish  but  that 
the  act  is  the  offspring  of  ignorance,  and  practiced,  however  mis- 
takenly, as  a  means  of  cure. 

But  after  all,  what  is  the  condition  known  as  horn-ail?  In  seek- 
ing to  answer  that  question  I  have  gone  into  the  history  of  the 
disease,  and  find  that  it  first  occurred  in  1771,  as  an  epizootic,  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Boston.  Mr.  Cotton  Taffts  thus  describes  it 
in  the  first  volume  of  "Memoirs  of  the  American  Academy  of 
Science,"  page  529:  "In  1771,  a  mortal  distemper  prevailed 
among  foxes,  and  greatly  reduced  their  numbers.  About  this 
time,  or  not  long  after,  a  distemper  appeared  among  neat  cattle, 
which  destroyed  many  and  has  continued  to  this  day.  The  dis- 
tempers that  befell  these  various  kinds  of  animals  were  said  not  to 
have  been  known  in  the  country  before,  more  especially  that  which 
has  effected  neat  cattle,  and  which  has  generally  been  considered 
as  a  new  disease.  It  is  commonly  called  the  horn  distemper.  Cows 
are  more  especially  subject  to  it;  oxen  but  seldom;  bulls  are  said 
to  be  exempt  from  it,  also  steers  and  heifers  under  three  years  of 
afire.  It  is  a  disease  which  affects  the  internal  substance  of  the 
horn,  commonly  called  the  pith,  insensibly  wastes  it,  and  leaves 
the  horn  hollow.  The  pith  is  a  spongy  bone,  whose  cells  are  filled 
with  an  unctuous  matter;  it  is  furnished  with  a  great  number  of 
small  blood-vessels,  is  overspread  with  a  thin  membrane,  and 
appears  to  be  united  by  suture  to  the  bones  of  the  head,  and  is 
projected  to  a  point.  This  spongy  bone,  in  the  horn-distemper,  is 
sometimes  partly  and  sometimes  entirely  wasted.  The  horn  loses 
its  natural  heat,  and  a  degree  of  coldness  is  evident  upon  handling 
it.     When  it  is  only  in  one  horn  (which  is  often  the  case),  a  mani- 


9 

fest  difference  between  the  one  and  the  other  will  be  perceived, 
and  in  all  cases  a  want  of  natural  heat  will  be  apparent.  Wherever 
this  is  found,  there  is  no  room  to  doubt  of  the  disorder  being 
present,  yet  it  is  seldom  suspected  without  a  particular  acquaint- 
ance with  other  symptoms  that  commonly  attend  this  distemper, 
and  for  want  of  knowing  these  the  farmer  has  often  lost  his  cattle, 
not  even  suspecting  the  evil.  The  symptoms  are:  a  dullness  in 
the  countenance  of  the  beast,  a  sluggishness  in  moving,  a  heavi- 
ness of  the  eyes,  a  failure  of  appetite,  an  inclination  to  lay  down, 
an  aversion  to  rise,  and  when  accompanied  with  an  inflammation 
of  the  brain,  a  giddiness  and  frequent  tossing  of  the  head;  besides, 
the  limbs  are  sometimes  affected  with  stiffness  like  a  rheumatism, 
and  in  cows  the  milk  often  fails,  the  udder  is  hard,  and  in  almost 
all  cases  there  is  a  sudden  wasting  of  the  flesh."  He  adds:  "  (Neat 
cattle  are  subject  to  a  disorder  commonly  called  the  tail-sickness, 
which  is  a  wasting  of  the  bony  substance  of  the  tail,  and  if  not 
cut  off,  or  dilated  as  far  as  the  defect  reaches,  often  proves  fatal. 
It  frequently  accompanies  the  horn-distemper.)  From  the  number 
of  cows  siezed  by  this  distemper  in  the  space  of  a  fortnight,  a 
suspicion  arose  that  the  distemper  was  infectious.  Time,  however, 
has  shown  that  it  is  not  so,  at  least  in  any  great  degree,  for  it  fre- 
quently happens  that  among  many  cattle  herding  together,  one  of 
them  shall  have  the  distemper  and  the  others  shall  remain  in  per- 
fect health."  He  goes  on  to  describe  the  cure  of  the  disease  by 
the  now  time-honored  gimlet  surgery. 

Our  knowledge  of  the  disease  has  not  advanced  since  the  days 
of  Cotton  Taffts.  From  all  available  descriptions  of  the  malady, 
and  from  the  numerous  cases  that  have  been  shown  me,  I  can 
learn  of  no  specific  symptom,  in  addition  to  those  of  general  ill 
health,  but  extreme  coldness  or  warmth  of  the  horns.  To  enable 
us  to  appreciate  the  importance  of  these  symptoms,  let  us  note  the 
following  facts:  The  vascular  structures  beneath  the  horn,  like 
those  of  the  skin  generally,  wherever  an  abundance  of  epidermic 
productions  are  secreted,  are  very  abundantly  supplied  with  blood. 
This  applies  alike  to  the  human  scalp,  the  heels  of  the  heavy 
breeds  of  horses,  or  the  structures  secreting  the  nails  of  man,  the 
claws  of  carnivora,  the  hoof  of  the  horse,  or  the  horns  of  cattle. 
From  this  abundance  of  blood,  the  horns  participate  in  ail  the 
changes  of  temperature  experienced,  by  the  blood  and  body  at 
large,  and  their  excessive  heat  affords  conclusive  evidence  of  the 


10 

existence  of  fever.  But  as  they  are  superficial  structures,  they 
equally  participate  in  the  chill  or  shivering  fit  by  which  the  fever 
is  ushered  in,  and  when  the  blood  is  repelled  from  the  contracted 
vessels  in  the  integument  to  accumulate  around  internal  organs. 
The  coldness  of  the  horn,  then,  is  merely  a  concomitant  of  that  of 
the  skin  when  fever  is  being  manifested  by  its  first  outward  symp- 
tom— a  chill  or  staring  coat.  Unnatural  heat  of  the  horn  is  equally 
an  exponent  of  a  morbid  rise  of  temperature  in  the  blood  and 
body  at  large — a  constant  and  essential  condition  of  fever.  Alter- 
nations from  heat  to  cold,  and  the  reverse,  on  the  part  of  the 
horns,  like  corresponding  changes  in  the  skin  generally,  will  take 
place  at  frequent  intervals  during  the  progress  of  many  diseases. 

Having  thus  arrived  at  the  general  morbid  condition  betokened 
by  the  coldness  or  heat  of  the  horns,  it  remains  to  note  other  spe- 
cific symptoms  which  will  denote  the  precise  nature  of  the  disease. 
But  these  symptoms  are  as  varied  as  the  febrile  and  inflammatory 
disorders  of  the  animal,  so  that  it  were  vain  to  attempt  to  enumer- 
ate them  here.  And  yet  it  is  upon  the  observation  and  recogni- 
tion of  these  specific  symptoms  alone  that  a  rational  treatment  can 
be  based.  To  note  a  few  by  way  of  illustration,  in  themselves 
generic  and  pointing  to  disease  of  special  organs  rather  than  to 
particular  diseases,  I  mention  the  following:  There  may  be -dull- 
ness, stupor,  or  somnolence,  or  extreme  excitability,  restlessness, 
or  wildness  of  look;  there  may  be  slight  twitching  of  the  muscles, 
there  may  be  cramps  or  convulsions,  or  more  or  less  complete  loss 
of  sensation  or  voluntary  movement — all  pointing  to  diseases  of 
the  brain  or  nervous  centres.  There  may  be  disturbed  breathing, 
red  injected  nostrils,  hot  expired  air,  swelling  of  the  throat,  dry- 
ness of  the  nose  or  watery  discharge  from  it,  cough,  grunting  with 
each  expiration  or  when  some  particular  part  of  the  chest  is  struck, 
together  with  modifications  of  the  natural  sounds  and  resonance 
of  the  chest — pointing  to  disease  of  the  respiratory  organs.  There 
may  be  an  absence  of  these  symptoms,  but  a  suspension  of  rumi- 
nation, impaired  appetite,  swelling  on  the  left  side  of  the  belly, 
uneasy  movements  of  the  hind  limbs  and  tail,  and  an  unnatural 
state  of  the  dung  as  regards  liquidity  or  dryness,  frequency  of 
escape  or  infreqency,  or  a  chopped  up,  undigested  appearance — 
all  indicating  some  disorder  of  the  digestive  organs.  The  epizo- 
otic of  Taffts  was  probably  a  digestive  disorder,  with  symptomatic 
brain  disease,  as  manifested  in  the  stiffness  and  loss  of  control  over 
the  limbs,  the  great  dullness,  and  the  violent  movements  of  the 


11 

head.  Color  is  lent  to  this  supposition  by  the  facts  that  the  year 
1771  was  unusually  wet  and  stormy,  and  marked  by  the  preva- 
lence of  many  diseases  among  men  and  animals  in  different  parts 
of  the  world.  Thus,  ergotism  was  general  throughout  Europe;  in 
Germany,  bilious  fever  was  very  fatal  in  man,  an  abdominal  disor- 
der in  the  horse,  and  large  numbers  of  geese,  pheasants  and  wild 
animals  died;  in  Holland,  Belgium  and  France,  an  epizootic  of 
gangrenous  sore  throat  devastated  the  cattle;  in  Spain,  they  suf- 
fered from  a  fetal  dysentery;  in  Russia,  from  the  cattle  plague; 
and  in  the  West  Indian  Islands,  man  and  beast  alike  suffered  from 
a  malignant  blood  disease.  The  deteriorated  fodder  of  such  a 
year  was  very  likely,  indeed,  to  induce  disorders  of  the  digestive 
organs  and  of  the  brain.  To  return  to  the  general  symptoms: 
there  may  be  yellowness  of  the  eyes  and  nose,  lying  on  the  right 
side,  grunting  when  struck  on  the  last  ribs  on  that  side,  and  per- 
haps lameness  in  the  right  fore  leg  in  an  overfed  and  inactive  ani- 
mal— bespeaking  disease  of  the  liver.  There  may  be  arching  and 
tenderness  of  the  loins,  an  unsteady  or  straddling  gait  with  the 
hind  extremities,  uneasy  movements  of  the  hind  limbs  and  tail, 
frequent  attempts  to  urinate,  the  passage  of  water  in  small  quanti- 
ties, high  colored,  or  even  bloody — showing  disease  of  the  urinary 
organs.  I  might  proceed,  but  I  will  only  seek  to  advise  a  treat- 
ment to  be  adopted  during  the  shivering  and  the  coldness  of  the 
horn,  that  will  be  at  once  more  rational  and  more  successful  than 
the  boring  and  peppering  process. 

If  the  animal  is  chill,  shivering,  or  has  a  rough,  staring  coat, 
and  if  the  horn  is  unnaturally  cold,  a  dangerous  inflammation  may 
often  be  warded  off  by  bringing  about  a  free  circulation  and 
warmth  in  the  skin.  Give  an  injection  of  three  quarts  of  warm 
water,  repeating  it  if  it  is  thrown  off.  Administer  by  the  mouth 
several  quarts  of  warm  gruel,  containing  six  or  eight  ounces  of 
whisky,  brandy  or  gin,  or  if  obtainable,  four  ounces  of  sweet 
spirits  of  nitre,  or  five  drachms  of  carbonate  of  ammonia.  Blanket 
the  patient  warmly  from  head  to  tail,  and  actively  hand-rub  the 
limbs.  A  good  plan  is  to  heat  dry  bran,  salt  or  sand  in  a  stove, 
put  it  in  a  broad,  lengthy  bag,  and  lay  it  along  the  beast's  spine 
from  shoulder  to  rump.  Or  wring  a  thick  rag  out  of  very  hot 
water,  lay  it  over  the  animal's  back  from  head  to  tail,  cover  it  up 
with  several  dry  rags  or  buffalo  skins,  and  bind  them  closely  to 
the  skin  with  surcingles,  that  the  heat  may  be  retained.  The  limbs 
may  meanwhile  be  actively  rubbed,  and  then  tied  up  in  warm 


12 

flannel  bandages,  loosely  applied,  so  as  not  to  impede  the  circula- 
tion. In  half  an  hour  the  patient  will  usually  be  in  a  glow  of 
warmth  and  covered  with  perspiration,  and  the  covering  must  be 
removed  gradually,  one  by  one,  and  the  damp  one  quickly  replaced 
by  an  ample  dry  one,  after  one  and  a  half  to  two  hours.  Danger- 
ous inflammations  in  the  chest,  abdomen,  &c,  may  often  be  warded 
off  by  these  measures,  when  taken  in  the  initial  stage,  and  though 
a  little  more  troublesome  than  the  gimlet  surgery,  it  has  the  com- 
pensating claims  of  being  at  once  rational  aiid  successful.  Such 
measures  are  of  course  only  applicable  at  the  commencement  of 
the  disease,  when  as  yet  no  important  change  of  structure  has 
taken  place,  but  when  there  is  an  impaired  vitality  of  some  inter- 
nal organ,  and  when  the  blood  is  being  repelled  from  the  surface 
to  accumulate  injuriously  or  fatally  around  this  and  other  deep 
seated  structures.  The  same  success  must  not  be  looked  for  from 
such  measures  applied  during  the  slight  and  frequently  alternating 
chills  and  flushes  of  the  surface,  which  so  often  manifest  them- 
selves during  the  course  of  a  severe  inflammation,  or  after  the 
diseased  organ  has  become  the  seat  of  important  structural  changes. 
When  the  first  chill  or  shiver  has  passed  off,  and  when  inflamma- 
tion of  an  important  organ  has  been  fully  established,  other  reme- 
dies must  be  employed,  in  the  shape  of  counter-irritants  and 
medicinal  agents,  as  varied  as  the  diseases,  or  even  as  the  different 
types,  phases  or  stages  in  individual  cases  of  illness.  To  treat  of 
these  would  require  a  volume,  rather  than  a  short  address.   - 

Tail-ail  is  closely  allied  to  horn-ail  in  attacking  the  stock  of 
ignorant  and  credulous  owners  and  in  the  measures  to  be  adopted 
for  its  cure.  Like  that  disease,  it  is  further  the  peculiar  pre- 
rogative of  horned  cattle.  The  caudal  appendages  of  horses, 
dogs,  pigs,  and  even  of  sheep,  are  exempt  from  this  formidable 
malady.  It  is  not,  however,  confined  to  the  New  World,  but 
lays  claim  to  all  the  respect  with  which  the  hoary  antiquity  of 
European  prejudices  and  practice  may  invest  it.  It  would  appear 
as  if,  the  world  over,  the  useful  cow  is  doomed  to  have  her  tail 
slit  and  the  sore  rubbed  with  salt,  soot,  pepper,  &c.  The  sup- 
posed softening  of  the  end  of  the  tail  is  due  to  a  piece  of  pliable 
gristle  by  which  the  bones  are  prolonged,  and  if,  in  some  weak 
states  of  the  system,  it  may  be  further  a  little  puffy  and  dropsical, 
this  is  due  to  the  state  of  the  body,  and  is  not  likely  to  be 
improved  by  the  ruthless  mutilation  of  this  useful  and  ornamental 
appendage.     It  is  true  that  the  tail  may  slough  off  from  dry  gan- 


13 

grene  in  cattle  feeding  on  ergoted  grasses,  or  from  moist  gangrene 
after  inoculation  for  pleuro-pneumonia  ;  it  may  drop  off  gangren- 
ous in  young  pigs  with  a  weak  circulation,  or  it  may  suffer  from 
mechanical  injuries  of  various  kinds  ;  but  these  conditions  are  all 
patent  enough  to  the  external  senses,  and  do  not  require  a  wayward 
imagination  to  recognize  them. 

The  destructive  black-tooth,  hk.e  horn-ail,  is  a  disorder  exclusively 
American,  and  its  existence  as  a  fatal  disease  rests  on  about  equal 
authority.  A  pig  is  ill  of  indigestion,  deranged  biliary  or  urinary 
secretion,  or  other  malady  inappreciable  by  those  about  him,  and 
forthwith,  at  the  expense  of  much  muscular  effort  and  hog  music, 
his  mouth  must  be  torn  open  by  a  couple  of  nooses  placed  on  the 
respective  jaws,  and  one  or  more  blackened  teeth  being  discovered 
they  are  hammered  off  level  with  the  jaw.  ^he  hog  sometimes 
recovers,  as  he  would  probably  have  done  had  he  been  let  alone,  and 
as  he  would  much  more  certainly  and  speedily,  in  the  majority  of 
cases,  had  he  had  a  good  soapy  wash  and  three  or  four  ounces  of 
castor  oil.  But,  seriously,  if  a  tooth  dyed  by  the  imbibition 
of  coloring  agents,  but  otherwise  sound,  can  be  conceived  of  as 
injurious  to  the  hog,  how  much  more  hurtful  the  broken  and 
decaying  stumps  left  as  permanent  irritants  in  the  gums  ?  If  a 
tooth  must  be  got  quit  of  let  it  be  extracted  entire,  otherwise 
much  harm  may  result,  but  certainly  no  good. 

But  to  leave  these  imaginary  diseases,  I  shall  glance  at  a  few  of 
the  real  ones  that  attack  our  farm  stock,  and  offer  some  suggestions 
as  to  their  prevention  and  treatment. 

In  the  case  of  the  horse,  it  is  notorious  how  many  of  his  diseases 
are  connected  with  errors  in  diet.  Colics,  blind  staggers,  founder, 
excessive  secretion  of  urine  and  heaves  are  especially  deserving 
of  mention  in  this  connection.  Colics  arise  mainly  from  over 
feeding,  irregularities  in  feeding  and  watering,  or  from  putting  to 
work  too  soon  after  having  swallowed  a  meal.  Unsuitable  food, 
such  as  that  which  is  too  watery,  food  that  is  still  partially  green, 
fermentescible  and  irritating,  as  in  the  case  of  newly  harvested 
hay  or  grain,  or  food  which  tends  to  clog  the  digestive  organs, 
like  wheat  and  tine  wheaten  flour,  are  also  common  causes.  A 
horse  crouching,  kicking  at  his  belly,  rolling  and  casting  agonized 
glances  at  his  flanks,  in  an  attack  of  colic,  may  often  be  relieved 
by  frequent  injections  of  three  or  four  quarts  of  warm  water.  This 
measure  is  especially  applicable  to  the  horse  because  of  the  extra- 
ordinary development  of  his    large    or    terminal    guts,  in  which 


14 

obstructions  and  irritations  are  usually  seated,  and  which  may  be, 
to  a  great  extent,  unloaded  by  the  direct  solvent  action  of  the 
injection,  as  well  as  by  the  contraction  of  the  anterior  portion 
sympathetically  with  the  more  posterior  and  terminal  part.  To 
those  who  are  in  the  habit  of  employing  injections  in  diseases  of 
the  digestive  organs  in  the  horse,  nothing  need  be  said  in  their 
favor  ;  but  for  those  who  have  not,  a  statement  of  the  capacity  of 
the  intestines  and  the  nature  of  their  contents  may  not  be  super- 
fluous. The  large  or  terminal  intestines  of  the  horse,  then,  are 
capable  of  holding  from  twenty-eight  to  thirty  gallons,  or  within 
a  fraction  of  two-thirds  of  the  entire  intestinal  contents  in  the 
animal.  Add  to  this  that  the  contents  of  the  anterior  or  small 
bowels  are  invariably  semi-fluid,  while  those  of  the  large  intestines 
become  increasingly  firm  and  dry,  and  we  find  a  reason  not  only 
for  the  greater  prevalence  of  disease  in  the  latter,  but  also  for  the 
highly  beneficial  effects  of  copious  injections.  These  remedial 
measures,  moreover,  maybe  applied  by  any  person,  and  in  all  kinds 
of  maladies,  without  risk  of  injury.  The  only  precautions  are  to 
avoid  using  the  water  at  an  unpleasant  heat,  to  oil  the  nozzle  of 
the  injecting  instrument  and  to  introduce  it  with  a  requisite  degree 
of  caution.  The  common  barrel  syringe,  holding  about  a  quart,  is 
an  excellent  instrument  for  the  purpose,  though,  perhaps,  a  still 
better  may  be  made  from  block  tin,  in  the  shape  of  a  funnel,  eight 
inches  high,  communicating  below  with  a  tube  joining  it  at  right 
angles,  projecting  six  inches  and  rounded  at  its  fore-end,  after  the 
manner  of  the  nozzle  of  the  syringe.  This  has  the  advantage  that 
it  draws  off  any  gas  which  may  have  lodged  in  the  last  gut,  while 
the  barrel  syringe  is  very  liable  to  introduce  air. 

But  colics  are  not  always  to  be  overcome  by  simple  injections. 
In  bad  cases  two  or  three  ounces  of  sweet  spirits  of  nitre  and 
twenty  drops  of  tincture  of  aconite  may  be  given  in  a  few  ounces 
of  water.  If  a  repetition  of  this  dose  does  not  relieve  the  patient 
in  the  course  of  one  and  a  half  hours,  a  laxative  consisting  of  five 
drachms  of  aloes  should  be  at  once  given,  to  rid  the  bowels  of 
their  irritating  contents.  The  nauseating  and  anti-spasmodic  action 
of  this  agent  will  often  relieve  suffering  within  half  an  hour,  and 
nearly  always  within  four  hours  after  it  has  been  given,  though  the 
dung  is  not  seen  to  be  materially  affected  until  next  day.  But  I 
would  add  a  caution  as  to  the  form  in  which  the  aloes  are  given. 
If  given  in  the  form  of  liquid  as  a  drink,  a  half  and  upwards  is 
usually  lost,  a  fact  which  accounts  for  the  absence  of  all  effect 


15 

after  a  quarter  or  half  a  pound  of  aloes  are  supposed  to  have  been 
administered.  The  powdered  aloes  mixed  with  a  drachm  of  gin- 
ger, and,  if  it  is  at  hand,  two  drachms  of  extract  of  hyoscyainus 
should  be  made  up  into  a  bolus,  in  the  form  of  a  cylinder,  about 
two  and  a  half  inches  long  and  not  more  than  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  in  diameter,  rolled  in  thin  paper,  and  the  tongue  having  been 
seized  with  the  left  hand  and  turned  up  between  the  jaws  so  as  to 
compel  gaping,  the  bolus  held  in  the  right  is  carried  over  the 
tongue  and  lodged  just  over  its  root,  in  the  median  line.  The 
tongue  is  immediately  released,  and  the  bolus  is  inevitably 
swallowed. 

Blind-staggers,  so  prevalent  in  some  parts  of  the  States,  and  to 
some  extent  in  New  York,  results  directly  from  partial  or  com. 
plete  paralysis  of  the  stomach,  whether  as  the  result  of  overload- 
ing, or  of  some  agent  which  directly  impairs  nervous  function. 
The  brain  disease  is  a  secondary  or  sympathetic  affection,  and 
hence,  if  we  attack  the  primary  seat  of  the  malady,  all  such  heroic 
measures  as  bleeding,  blistering  the  head,  &c,  may  be  profitably 
dispensed  with.  An  over-feed  of  grain  is  a  common  cause  of  this 
disease;  another  is  the  feeding  on  grain,  legumes  and  other  fod- 
ders which  have  approached  the  period  of  ripening  but  have  not 
been  fully  dried.  Chief  among  these  last  agents  are  over-ripe  iye 
grass,  vetches,  tares  or  millet,  cut  and  fed  green  to  the  animals. 
Whole  stables  fall  victims  at  once  from  this  cause.  Besides  a  com- 
plete change  of  diet,  an  appropriate  treatment  consists  in  large 
doses  of  aloes,  a  half  more  or  double  those  given  for  colic,  com- 
bined with  four  drachms  of  carbonate  of  ammonia,  and  frequent 
and  copious  injections.  Food  should  be  semi-liquid  bran  mashes 
until  complete  recovery  is  insured. 

From  sympathy  of  the  integument  with  an  overloaded  stomach, 
founder  frequently  results.  It  must  be  met  in  the  same  way,  by 
a  purgative  to  clear  away  the  primary  source  of  irritation,  and  if 
caught  in  the  outset  will  often  demand  nothing  further  than  sooth, 
ing  poultices  applied  to  the  feet,  the  shoes  having  been  removed, 
a  roomy,  well  littered  place,  where  the  patient  can  lie  in  comfort, 
and  an  ounce  dose  of  nitre  daily,  for  six  days  after  the  physic  has 
ceased  acting.  A  restricted  diet  of  bran  mashes  and  roots  must 
be  kept  up  during  convalescence. 

Profuse  staling,  insatiable  thirst,  and  rapid  emaciation  are  fre- 
quent results  of  feeding  on  heated  or  musty  hay  or  oats.  As  in 
most  other  cases,  to  know  the  cause  is  virtually  to  check  the  dis- 


16 

ease,  though  in  some  instances  it  may  be  necessary  to  give  a  course 
of  tonics  to  restore  the  prostrate  vital  powers. 

Broken  wind,  or  heaves,  is  perhaps  the  most  universally  diffused 
evil  result  of  improper  feeding.  Our  splendid  crops  of  clover  and 
timothy,  cut  at  the  period  of  ripening,  invariably  dusty,  and  too 
often  imperfectly  cured,  cannot  be  fed  as  they  usually  are  to  our 
agricultural  horses  with  impunity.  These  horses,  confined  to  the 
stable  for  days  and  weeks  in  succession,  are  habitually  gorged 
with  this  hay,  which  injuriously  affects  the  stomach  by  its  dry, 
musty  proprieties,  in  addition  to  the  torpidity  of  the  organ  super- 
induced by  a  constant  over-repletion.  The  common  nerve  of  the 
stomach  and  lungs  is  functionally  deranged,  by  which,  as  well  as 
by  the  mechanical  pressure  of  the  loaded  abdominal  organs,  breath- 
ing is  impaired,  and  over-distention  and  rupture  of  the  air  cells 
ensue.  Conjoin  with  these  a  full  feed  of  grain,  and,  without  any 
breathing  interval,  a  hard  and  lengthy  trot  by  the  unprepared 
animal,  and  it  is  a  miracle  if  the  ill-used  beast  escapes.  Musty 
hay  should  be  altogether  withheld  from  horses.  Dry  clover  or 
timothy  should  be  given  in  small  quantities  only,  not  exceeding 
fifteen  pounds  daily — should  be  slightly  damped,  and  in  case  of  a 
horse  showing  the  slightest  premonitory  symptoms  of  heaves,  the 
allowance  should  be  reduced  to  one-half,  and  the  grain  corres- 
pondingly increased. 

These  considerations  further  explain  the  good  effects  of  a  laxa- 
tive diet  in  cases  of  heaves — how  mild  cases,  turned  out  on  the 
prairies,  sometimes  recover— how  the  same  result  occasionally 
attends  a  diet  of  corn  stalks,  roots,  cooked  food  and  the  like.  The 
stomach,  no  longer  loaded  with  a  dry,  debilitating  aliment,  by 
degrees  regains  its  lost  vigor,  and  in  this  restoration  the  lungs 
participate,  provided  the  changes  of  structure  are  not  too  exten- 
sive to  permit  of  a  complete  reparatory  process.  Certain  agents 
having  a  special  action  on  the  nervous  system  will  also  assist  in 
the  process  of  recovery. 

Respecting  inflammatory  diseases  of  the  chest  and  elsewhere,  I 
will  add  nothing  new  to  the  suggestions  I  have  already  offered  for 
a  rational  treatment  to  be  adopted  in  their  initial  or  shivering 
stage,  and  which  may  be  held  to  apply  equally  to  all  our  larger 
domestic  quadrupeds.  Some  remarks,  however,  on  the  varying 
types  of  disease,  and  on  one  or  two  common  specific  maladies,  will 
not  be  altogether  out  of  place.  It  cannot  be  denied  that  in  the 
treatment  of  inflammatory  complaints  at  the  present  time,  the 


17 

severe  bleedings,  purgings.  and  other  depleting  measures  formerly 
in  vogue,  cannot  boast  a  respectable  percentage  of  recoveries. 
Some  of  the  most  remarkable  illustrations  of  this  fact  are  to  be 
met  on  the  registers  of  medical  hospitals.  Thus,  in  the  case  of 
inflamed  lungs,  Dietl  treated  large  numbers  in  the  hospital  at 
Vienna — first,  by  blood-letting;  second,  by  large  doses  of  tartar 
emetic;  and  third,  by  diet  only.  Under  the  bleeding  and  antimo- 
nial  treatment,  the  deaths  were  in  the  ratio  of  1  to  5  patients; 
while  in  those  treated  by  diet  alone,  they  were  at  the  rate  of  1  to 
13i.  Bennet,  of  Edinburgh,  under  a  judiciously  supporting  treat- 
ment, lost  but  1  patient  in  22.  Happily  the  lancet  has  been  to  a 
large  extent  discarded  in  human  medicine,  but  it  is  still  resorted 
to  with  destructive  frequency  in  the  treatment  of  sick  animals. 
While  I  would  not  forbid  its  use  in  appropriate  cases,  I  will  point 
out  one  or  two  conditions  in  which  it  must  be  utterly  discarded. 
In  advanced  stages  of  disease  generally;  in  those  already  attended 
by  profuse  discharges  from  the  bowels  or  kidneys,  or  in  which 
extensive  liquid  effusions  have  taken  place  into  the  limbs,  or  into 
internal  cavities,  thereby  impairing  vitality  and  fostering  weakness 
and  prostration;  and  in  all  diseases,  inflammatory  or  otherwise, 
which  are  attended  by  a  low  type  of  fever.  This  is  especially 
evident  in  epizootic  diseases,  which  strike  down  many  animals  at 
once,  as  in  influenza.  If  any  such  affection  is  associated  with  a 
weak,  rapid  pulse,  with  dull,  sunken,  watery  eyes,  with  pale  or 
deep  bluish  red  color  of  the  lining  membrane  of  the  nostril,  with 
strong  impulse  of  the  heart  against  the  left  side,  just  behind  the 
elbow,  and  if  there  is  early  and  rapidly  increasing  weakness  and 
prostration,  avoid  the  lancet  as  you  value  the  life  of  the  patient, 
and  support  by  fresh  air,  nutritious  gruels  and  mashes,  by  stimu- 
lants, and  even  tonics.  Many  animals  affected  in  this  way  might 
be  saved  by  an  exclusively  dietetic  treatment,  which  are  now  con- 
signed to  a  premature  grave. 

The  strangles  or  distemper  of  young  horses  is  another  example 
of  the  value  of  a  supporting  treatment.  If  treated  by  warm, 
sloppy  mashes,  frequent  inhalations  of  vapor  from  bran  soaked  in 
boiling  water,  and  large  poultices  applied  to  the  swelling  on  the 
lower  jaw,  the  termination  will  be  almost  invariably  favorable; 
while  if  harsh,  debilitating  treatment  is  resorted  to,  the  results  are 
most  disastrous. 

Among  the  common  maladies  of  cattle,  those  of  the  stomach  hold 
3 


18 

a  foremost  rank.  A  consideration  of  the  relative  capacity  and 
functions  of  the  various  parts  of  the  digestive  organs  in  the  horse 
and  ox,  sufficiently  explains  this  divergence  in  the  general  types 
of  their  diseases.  In  the  horse,  the  functions  of  the  stomach  are 
limited  and  completed  soon  after  a  meal  is  swallowed,  while  the 
subsequent  progress  of  digestion  and  absorption  is  carried  out  in 
the  capacious  intestines.  In  the  ox,  on  the  other  hand,  the  food 
is  long  retained  in  the  enormous  reservoirs  of  the  stomach,  until 
it  has  become  thoroughly  infiltrated  and  softened  by  contact  with 
heat  and  moisture,  until  its  starch  has  been  changed  into  sugar  by 
the  action  of  the  saliva,  until  it  has  become  most  intimately 
divided  and  subdivided  by  rumination,  and  the  grinding  action  of 
the  manifolds,  and  after  all  this  elaborate  preparation  it  is  still 
subjected  to  digestion  in  the  fourth  or  true  stomach  before  it  can 
be  allowed  to  pass  into  the  intestines.  The  digestion  remaining 
to  be  completed  in  the  intestines  is,  as  might  be  expected,  rela- 
tively small  as  compared  with  intestinal  digestion  in  the  horse. 
The  entire  length  of  the  ox's  intestines  as  compared  with  the  same 
parts  in  the  horse,  is  as  5::3,  but  owing  to  their  smaller  calibre, 
their  capacity  is  to  that  of  the  horse's  only  as  5:  :9.  Length: 
horse,  90  feet,  ox,  160  feet;  capacity:  horse,  38  gallons,  ox,  22 
gallons.  Turning  to  the  stomachs  we  find  that  whereas  the  horse's 
stomach  will  contain  about  sixteen  quarts,  the  four  gastric  cavities 
of  the  good  average  cow  will  hold  close  upon  two  hundred  quarts, 
and  in  many  cases  more  than  this  even. 

Considering  the  enormous  amount  of  work  done  in  these  primary 
digestive  cavities  in  the  ox,  it  is  no  longer  matter  for  wonder  that 
he  is  so  very  subject  to  bloating,  or  tympany,  or  overloading  of 
the  paunch  with  solid  food,  to  dry  murrain  or  impaction,  and  dry- 
ing of  the  contents  of  the  manifolds  from  feeding  on  smutty  corn 
or  stalks,  from  a  dry  fibrous  aliment,  or  from  one  too  exciting  and 
irritating,  and  to  a  similar  condition  of  the  stomachs  with  a  cor- 
responding  implication  of  the  brain  when  some  form  of  lead  has 
been  swallowed.  For  all  these  disorders,  alike,  strong  stimulants 
and  purgatives  with  a  free  supply  of  water  will  usually  clear  out 
the  stomach,  and  bring  about  a  happy  result.  In  tympany  or 
bloating,  however,  some  agent  should  be  given  to  rouse  the  torpid 
paunch  into  action,  and  to  counteract  fermentation  in  its  contents. 
For  this  purpose  the  preparations  of  ammonia  are  usually  given, 
such  as  the  common  smelling  salts  (carbonate  of  ammonia),  in 
doses  of  half  an  ounce  dissolved  in  water,  or  liquor  ammonia  in 


19 

doses  of  two  teaspoonfuls  in  a  pint  of  water.  If  these  are  not  at 
hand,  six  or  eight  ounces  of  whisky,  gin  or  brandy  may  be  given, 
or,  better  than  all,  an  ounce  of  spirits  of  turpentine  shaken  up  in 
oil  or  milk,  or  two  ounces  of  tar  rolled  up  in  paper,  and  so 
administered.  Two  drachms  of  carbolic  acid  would  have  a  similar 
effect.  These  three  last  named  agents  operate  mainly  by  counteract, 
ing  fermentation  and  usually  act  like  a  charm,  and  almost  instan- 
taneously. If  the  swelling  is  such  as  to  place  life  in  imminent 
danger  no  time  should  be  lost  in  getting  medicines,  but  immediate 
relief  should  be  given  by  plunging  a  pocket  knife,  in  the  absence 
of  anything  better,  into  the  left  side,  at  a  point  equally  distant 
from  the  back  bone,  the  point  of  the  hip  bone  and  the  last  rib. 
This  should  be  done  fearlessly  and  unhesitatingly,  as  the  paunch 
lies  here  in  direct  contact  with  the  side,  and  if  the  point  of  the 
agent  with  which  the  puncture  is  made  is  directed  slightly  down- 
ward it  may  be  pushed  in  more  than  a  foot  without  the  possibility 
of  contact,  except  with  the  contents  of  the  stomach. 

I  shall  refer  at  present  to  but  one  other  class  of  bovine  mala- 
dies— the  carbuncular  fevers — mainly  represented  in  our  Northern 
States  by  the  maladies  designated  black-leg,  black-quarter  and 
black-tongue.  Black-leg  is  a  malady  ushered  in  suddenly  by 
symptoms  of  very  high  fever  ;  shivering,  followed  by  great  heat 
of  the  surface,  rapid  difficult  breathing,  accelerated  pulse,  at  first 
strong  and  full  but  soon  quick  and  weak  ;  suffusion  of  the  visible 
mucous  membranes,  such  as  those  of  the  eyes,  nose,  mouth,  &c, 
of  a  very  deep  red,  often  tinged  with  yellow  ;  great  dullness  and 
prostration,  with  hanging  head  and  drooping  ears  ;  in  the  course 
of  an  hour  or  two  halting  upon  one  or  more  limbs,  and  very  soon 
diffused  pasty  swellings  on  the  shoulders,  quarters,  or  on  the 
body,  from  blood  thrown  out  into  the  meshes  of  the  tissues.  Soon 
these  swellings  are  felt  to  crackle,  when  handled,  because  of  the 
decomposition  of  their  constituent  parts  and  the  extrication  of 
gases  under  the  skin.  The  animals  die  in  periods  varying  from 
six  to  thirty-six  hours  after  the  commencement  of  the  attack,  or, 
in  rare  cases,  a  slow  recovery  ensues.  Black-tongue  is  introduced 
by  the  same  general  symptoms  of  fever,  prostration,  flushing  of 
the  mucous  membranes,  &c,  but  in  place  of  the  halting  and  swell- 
ings of  the  surface,  the  tongue  is  swollen,  covered  with  blisters, 
and  later  becomes  of  a  deep  red  or  even  black  hue.  These  dis- 
eases are  essentially  connected  with  an  undrained  soil,  rich  in 
organic  matter  ;  a  soil  saturated  with  liquid   during  the  winter 


20 

and  spring,  but  drying  up  and  exhaling  its  noxious  organic  pro- 
ducts during:  the  droughts  of  summer  and  autumn.     For  this  rea- 
son  they  are  much  more  prevalent  in  the  malarious  districts  of  the 
South  than  they  are  in   our  Northern  States,  and  assume  many 
other  forms  beside  the  two  I  have   mentioned,  and  in  hot,  dry 
summers,  especially,  devastating  the  herds  most  extensively.     In 
all  its  forms,  this   disease  is  associated  with  fermentative  changes 
in  the  blood,  which,  with  the  carcass  of  the  animal,  commences  to 
putrefy  two  or  three  hours  after  death.     In   the  dead   body  the 
blood  is  always  black  audtarr\,  varying  according  to  the  number 
of  hours  the  animal  has  survived  the  onset  of  the  attack  ;  it  solidi- 
fies into  a  loose  clot  or  not  at  all ;  it  stains  the  hands,  paper  and 
other  objects  more  deeply  than  ordinary  blood,  by  virtue  of  the 
broken  up  condition  of  the  globules  and   the  universal  diffusion 
of  the  coloring  matter,  and  it  contains  special  organized  germs 
(bacteria  or  vibriones),  which  find'  in  this  disintegrated  blood  a 
natural  habitat.     Other  agencies  contribute  to  the  development  of 
these   diseases,  such  as  sudden  accessions  of  plethora  in  animals 
which  have  been  starved  at  one   period  and  over-fed  at  another, 
inferior  quality  of  food,  which  deteriorates  the  health  and  lowers 
the  power  of  vital  resistance,  drinking  of  stagnant  water,  &c,  but 
the  main  cause  is  unquestionably  an  undrained  soil  rich  in  organic 
remains,  and  in  a  climate  which  dries  and  bakes  this  soil  at  certain 
periods  of  the  year.     I  could  point  to  many  farms  in  the  south  of 
Scotland,  and  in  England,  where,  before  the  adoption  of  a  thorough 
land    drainage,  these  maladies  yearly  recurrred,  but  from  which 
they  have  disappeared  with  the  inauguration  of  a  more  porous 
condition  of  the  soil.     Wald  reports,  concerning  the  district  of 
Potsdam,  which  was  formerly  decimated  by  these   maladies,  that 
since  the  cultivation  of  the  meadows  and  the  feeding  of  the  cattle 
in  doors  the  losses   have  been  greatly  diminished.     Buhl  reports, 
from  Donanworth,  where  these  maladies  were  formerly  rife,  that 
they  have  completely  disappeared  since  the  advice  of  Pettenkofer 
was  carried  out  in  the  drainage  of  the  wet  lands.     I  forbear  to 
advance  further  instances  of  this  kind,  though  their  number  might 
be  indefinitely  extended.     By  reason  of  the  short  duration  of  these 
affections  and  their  extreme  fatality,  remedial  treatment  proves, 
too  often,  valueless.     When  time  is  allowed,  the   bowels  should 
be  opened  by  glauber  salts,  half  to  one  pound,  according  to  the 
size  of  the  animal,  and  drachm  doses  of  crystallized  carbolic  acid 
dissolved  in  a  pint  of  water  should  be  given  at  intervals  of  eight 


21 

hours,  until  improvement  is  manifest.  A  lotion  of  the  same  kind 
should  be  applied  to  the  local  swellings  at  equal  intervals,  the 
blisters  on  the  tongue  being  cut  open,  and  the  tumors  of  the  skin 
scarified,  whenever  crackling  indicates  the  presence  of  gas. 
Dashing  of  cold  water  over  the  surface  is  often  useful  when  the 
fever  heat  is  intense.  Carbolic  acid  may  be  likewise  used  in  the 
food  or  water  as  a  preventive.  A  caution  is  demanded  for  those 
who  may  handle  the  bodies  of  such  animals  in  life  or  in  death.  In 
very  many  cases  a  virulent  poison  is  developed,  capable  of  fatally 
communicating  malignant  pustule  to  man  by  inoculation.  Hence, 
any  one  approaching  these  animals  should  use  carbolic  acid  freely, 
and  carefully  cauterize  any  wound  or  abrasion  on  his  skin. 

Not  to  tax  your  patience  unduly,  I  will  only  refer  further  to 
certain  diseases  of  sheep,  connected,  as  regards  causation,  with 
undrained  soil.  Rot  appears  to  be  increasing,  rather  than  other- 
wise, in  our  flocks.  This  disease,  as  many  of  you  are  aware,  is  a 
malady  of  low-lying,  wet  lands,  with  rank,  aqueous  pasture,  and 
stagnant  water.  It  consists,  essentially,  in  a  debilitated  state  of 
the  system,  a  thin,  watery  condition  of  the  blood,  and  the  devel- 
opment, in  the  bile  ducts,  of  an  almost  unlimited  number  of  the 
flat,  leaf-like  worms  known  as  flukes  or  distomata.  In  its  earlier 
stages^. this  disease  is  recognizable  mainly  by  the  soft,  flabby  state 
of  the  muscular  system,  and  the  pallor  and  yellow  or  jaundiced 
appearance  of  the  eye  and  other  mucous  membranes.  Later  it  is 
manifested  by  increasing  emaciation,  and  dropsical  effusions  in  the 
more  dependent  parts  of  the  body,  and  especially  beneath  the 
jaws.  The  same  malady  exists,  though  somewhat  less  frequently, 
in  cows.  The  fluke  worms  by  which  the  liver  is  infested,  and  has 
its  functions  disturbed,  is  a  parasite  which  has  to  undergo  a  series 
of  successive  metamorphoses  before  it  can  attain  its  highest  stage 
of  development  in  the  liver  of  the  mammal;  and  in  certain  of  its 
developmental  forms,  the  imperfect  animal  can  onlv  live  in  stag- 
nant water.  Thus  the  egg  or  germ  of  the  fluke  will  remain  unde- 
veloped, unless  deposited  in  water.  If  in  this  element,  however, 
it  soon  pushes  off  the  lid  from  the  egg,  and  passing  out,  swims 
about  actively  by  the  aid  of  microscopic  vibrating  cilia.  This 
active  sporocyst  generates  a  large  number  of  living  germs  or  cerca- 
ria  in  its  interior,  and  entering  the  body  of  some  aquatic  animal, 
brings  forth  these  more  advanced  forms  of  its  kind.  These  are 
flattened,  leaf-like  bodies,  not  unlike  the  perfect  distomata,  but  it 
is  not  yet  permitted  them  to  develope  into  these.     They  leave  the 


22 

bodies  of  the  animals  in  which  they  have  been  brought  forth,  swim 
about  freely  in  the  water,  and  penetrating  into  worms,  slugs  and 
larva  of  insects,  they  loose  their  tail  and  become  enclosed  in  a 
cyst.  These  worms,  slugs  and  larva  are  inadvertently  swallowed 
by  mammals,  mixed  with  their  food  or  water,  and  then  comes  the 
final  step  by  which  the  distoma  attains  its  full  development.  The 
snail  or  other  host  is  digested  in  the  stomach  of  the  mammal,  and 
the  incysted  distoma,  being  set  free,  makes  its  way  into  the  biliary 
ducts  of  its  new  host,  accumulating,  in  many  cases,  in  numbers 
almost  beyond  computation.  It  will  be  thus  seen  that  an  essen. 
tial  condition  of  the  existence  and  successive  metamorphoses  of 
the  fluke  worm  out  of  the  mammalian  body,  is  the  presence  of 
standing  pools  of  water  Destroy  these,  and  various  links  in  the 
chain  of  its  existence  are  necessarily  broken,  and  it  perishes  either 
as  an'  egg,  in  the  body  of  the  aquatic  animal,  or  as  a  cercaria.  As 
the  introduction  of  these  flukes  into  the  bodies  of  sheep  is  an 
essential  condition  of  the  development  of  rot,  fostered,  it  is  true, 
by  the  ingestion  of  the  watery  and  innutritions  grasses  growing 
on  marshy  lands,  it  follows  that  the  thorough  drainage  of  such 
lands,  and  the  removal  of  the  stagnant  pools,  must  put  an  end  to 
the  disorder.  And  this  is  precisely  what  we  find  in  practice. 
Wherever  drainage  can  be  made  thorough  over  the  entire  range 
allowed  the  flock,  there  this  disease  ceases  to  exist.  And  in  keep- 
ing with  this  is  the  fact  that  when  sheep  in  the  earlier  stages  of 
the  malady  are  removed  from  the  unwholesome  pastures  to  per- 
fectly dry  land,  and  allowed  grain  and  tonic  agents,  especially 
iron  and  common  salt,  they  usually  recover  from  the  malady. 

The  development  of  all  other  internal  worms  is  fostered  by  that 
low  condition  and  weakness  of  constitution  which  is  the  inevitable 
result  of  a  damp,  relaxing  atmosphere,  an  undrained  soil,  and 
aqueous,  innutritious  fodder.  This  is  true  alike  of  the  bladder 
worms  in  the  brain  and  liver,  or  the  round  and  tape  ivorms  of  the 
lungs  and  digestive  organs.  There  is  every  reason  to  suppose, 
indeed,  that  in  the  case  of  certain,  round  worms,  their  habitat,  out 
of  the  body,  is  in  pools  of  stagnant  water.  As  in  the  case  of  the 
fluke  worm,  then,  not  only  is  their  production  favored  by  the 
weakness  that  results  from  the  inevitable  rank  and  aqueous  grasses 
which  grow  on  such  land,  but  its  pools  become  a  sine  qua  non  of 
the  preservation  of  the  parasites.  - 

I  might  mention  other  maladies,  such  as  the  dropsies,  or  yellow- 
water,  so  prevalent  on  land  of  this  kind,  but  I  will  select  rather 


23 

the  foot-rot  of  sheep  and  cattle,  as  a  further  illustration  of  the 
noxious  influences  of  land  habitually  wet  and  soft.    Many,  I  know, 
attribute  the  propagation  of  this  disease  to  contagion  alone,  but 
the  elucidation  of  its  alleged  contagious  or  non-contagious  proper- 
ties does  not  belong  to  my  present  purpose.     I  mean,  rather,  to 
give  prominence  to  the  notorious  fact  that  there  are  certain  lands 
on  which  sheep  cannot  be  turned  for  any  length  of  time,  uncared 
for,  without  their  contracting  foot-rot.     And  such  lands  present 
very  similar  characters  to  those  on  which  the  liver-rot  or  fluJce-dis- 
temper  abounds.     They  are  low,  soft  and  marshy,  and  deficient  in 
stony  or  hard  ridges  or  knolls.     The  feet  of  the  sheep,  habitually 
soaked  in  moisture,  lose  their  flinty  hardness  and  power  of  resist- 
ance, becoming  soft,  wanting  in  cohesion,  and  easily  torn.    If  such 
horn  is  dried,  it  becomes  much  more  biittle  than  the  more  natural 
horn,  and  being   overgrown   by   reason  of  the   soaking  and   the 
absence  of  wear,  it  is  readily  torn  or  cracked  to  the  quick,  or  the 
over-lapping  edges,  pressing  inward  upon  the  sole,  bruise  it  and 
set  up  inflammation  and  ulceration.    In  other  cases,  clay  and  other 
filth,  lodging  between  the  claws  in  a  wet,  soft  condition,  hardens 
and  determines  ulceration  at  the  upper  end  of  the  cleft.    However 
caused,  whether  by  one  of  these  conditions  or  by  undue  wear  of 
the  hoofs  during  a  long  journey  upon  hard  soil,  ulceration  once 
started  beneath  or  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  horn,  is  quite 
equal  to  its  own  maintenance,  and  if  nothing  is  done  to  check  it, 
it  will  progress,  preceded  by  inflammation,  suppuration  and  de- 
tachment of  the  horn,  until  one  or  both  hoofs  on  the  affected  foot 
are  shed.     What  is   wanted  is  to  pare  away  all  superabundant 
horn,  remove  all  that  is  underrun  by  matter  and  pressing  injuri- 
ously on  the  quick,  to  thin  the  edges  to  make  them  pliant,  after- 
ward dressing  with  a  feather  or  brush  dipped  in  a  solution  made 
with  one  part  of  oil  of  vitriol  and  three  of  water,  or  still  better, 
one  part  of  crystallized  carbolic  acid  to  three  of  glycerine,  and 
preserving  the  foot  from  mud,  in  bad  cases,  by  bandaging  it  with 
tar.     Simple  paring  of  the  foot,  at  intervals,  will  usually  ward  off 
the  disease  on  land  to  which  it  may  be  said  to  be  native.     Laying 
the  sheep  walks   in  the  pasture  with  fine  gravel  has  sometimes 
been  found   equally  successful.      Lastly,    many   farms  in   Great 
Britain  could  be  mentioned,  from  which  foot-rot  has  been  virtually 
banished  by  a  thorough  drainage  and  a  consequent  increased  dry- 
ness and  firmness  of  the  soil. 

As  I  began  by  speaking  of  charms  for  the  prevention  of  dis- 


24 

eases,  I  will  conclude  by  a  resume  of  a  few  of  the  unquestionable 
virtues  of  the  modern  talisman  drainage  as  a  preventive  of  the  dis- 
eases of  farm  stock.  Government  reports  state  that  staggers,  one 
of  the  most  destructive  horse  diseases  of  this  continent,  abounds 
everywhere  in  malarious  regions  ;  but  so  does  the  inferior  hay  and 
provender,  generally,  which  is,  to  a  great  extent,  musty  and  cov- 
ered with  cryptogams.  And,  when  in  otherwise  healthy  localities, 
the  fodder,  in  connection  with  a  wet  season,  partakes  of  these 
properties,  so  does  this  disease  spread  like  an  epizootic.  Drain 
off  the  superfluous  water  from  the  soil,  render  it  sufficiently  porous, 
and  enable  it  to  give  up  its  unlimited  organic  constituents  to 
nourish  its  growing  crops,  and  with  judicious  feeding  of  the  stock 
this  malady  will,  to  a  great  extent,  disappear.  Periodic  ophthal- 
mia or  moon  blindness,  though  largely  dependent  on  a  hereditary 
taint,  has  its  attacks  tracable,  in  the  great  majority  of  cases,  to 
that  coarseness  and  laxity  of  fibre  and  phlegmatic  constitution, 
which  are  determined  by  low,  wet  and  undrained  lands  and  a 
moist  atmosphere.  Climate  and  locality  has  so  great  an  influence 
on  the  disease  that  on  the  wet  lands,  to  the  north  of  the  Pyrenees, 
nearly  all  horses  are  attacked  by  it ;  but  the  Spaniards,  dwelling 
on  the  south  of  this  mountain  chain,  do  not  hesitate  to  buy  up  the 
young  horses  which  have  only  had  one  attack  of  the  malady,  since 
experience  has  taught  them  that  if  these  animals  are  removed  to  the 
high  grounds  of  Catalonia,  they  rarely  suffer  from  another  attack. 
The  dropsies  or  yellow-water  of  all  our  domestic  animals  are  also, 
to  a  large  extent,  determined  by  the  constitutional  relaxation  due 
to  such  soil  and  climate.  In  England  they  prevail,  especially  on 
those  portions  of  Yorkshire,  Lincolnshire  and  adjacent  counties 
which  barely  rise  above  the  sea  level,  and  where  drainage  is,  con- 
sequently, very  partial  and  imperfect.  My  experience  in  the 
United  States  would  warrant  me  in  saying  that  it  is  a  common 
malady  here  on  undrained  lands,  and  its  increased  prevalence, 
during  the  past  year,  may  be  attributed  to  the  aggravation  of  this, 
caused  by  the  wet  and  cloudy  summer. 

To  these,  as  we  have  already  seen,  may  be  added  the  colics,  pro- 
fuse staling  and  heaves  of  horses  ;  the  black-leg,  blood  (maladie  de 
sang)  and  other  carbuncular  diseases  of  catcle  and  sheep,  the  rot  and 
foot-rot  of  these  same  animals,  and  most  of  the  worms  of  all  farm 
stock.  We  have  thus  placed  before  us  a  long  list  of  diseases  more 
or  less  directly  dependent  on  undrained  soil  for  their  development, 
and  which  owe   their  extensive  prevalence,  in  many  localities  in 


25 

America,  mainly  to  this  cause.  I  will  not  venture  even  an  approxi- 
mate estimate  of  the  enormous  losses  from  these  diseases  over  the 
entire  continent,  but,  judging  from  the  reports  of  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Agriculture,  they  make  up  a  very  large  proportion  of 
the  entire  losses  sustained  in  live  stock.  And  if  the  statement 
of  the  Hon.  Horace  Capron,  in  his  last  report  to  Congress,  is  cor- 
rect, that  "  a  judicious  investment  in  drainage  often  pays  one  hun- 
dred per  cent  the  first  year,"  the  considerations  I  have  offered 
regarding  its  effect  on  the  health  of  stock  will,  I  trust,  add  mate- 
rially to  the  strength  of  his  argument,  and  lead  to  a  more  universal 
adoption  of  this  desirable  improvement. 


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